Amateka y'Iterambere ry'icyuma cya Manganese

Ibyuma bya Manganese byahinduye metallurgie n'inganda ziremereye n'imbaraga zidasanzwe kandi biramba. Yavumbuwe na Sir Robert Hadfield mu 1882, iyi mavuta ikomatanya ibyuma, karubone, na manganese kugirango ikore ibikoresho bitandukanye nabandi bose. Ubushobozi bwayo budasanzwe bwo gukomera munsi yingaruka bwagize umukino uhindura umukino kubikoresho, imashini, hamwe nubwubatsi.

Ibintu bidasanzwe biranga ibyuma bya manganese bituruka ku ruhare rukomeye rwa manganese mu gukora ibyuma. Ntabwo ikuraho gusa umwanda nka sulfure na ogisijeni, ahubwo binongera cyane ubukana no kwambara birwanya. Igihe kirenze, iterambere nko kuvura ubushyuhe hamwe nubuhanga bugezweho bwo gukora byongereye ubushobozi bwaurupapuro rwa manganese, icyuma cya manganese, namanganese ibyuma.

Uyu munsi, ibyuma bya manganese naisahani ya manganesekomeza gukora nk'ibikoresho fatizo mu nganda zisaba guhangana n'ingaruka zikomeye, harimo ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro na gari ya moshi.

Ibyingenzi

• Icyuma cya Manganeseyahimbwe na Sir Robert Hadfield mu 1882.
• Irakomeye cyane kandi irakomera iyo ikubiswe, bigatuma iba ikomeye kumirimo itoroshye.
• Inzira ya Bessemer yatumye ibyuma bya manganese birushaho gukuraho umwanda.
• Iyi nzira kandi yatumye ibyuma bikomera kandi biramba.
• Icyuma cya Manganese gikoreshwa mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, gari ya moshi, no kubaka kukoirwanya kwambara.
• Gukomera kwayo bifasha kugabanya ibiciro byo gusana kandi bituma ibikoresho bimara igihe kirekire.
• Uburyo bushya bwo kuvanga amavuta no gukora ibyuma kunoza imikorere yuyu munsi.
• Gusubiramo ibyuma bya manganese nibyingenzi mukuzigama umutungo no gufasha isi.

Inkomoko yicyuma cya Manganese

Ubuvumbuzi bwa Sir Robert Hadfield

Inkuru y'ibyuma bya manganese itangirana na Sir Robert Hadfield, umuhanga mu byuma by’Ubwongereza wavumbuye ikintu gikomeye mu 1882. Yasanze kongeramo manganese mu byuma byateje umusemburo ufite ibintu bidasanzwe. Bitandukanye nicyuma gakondo, ibi bikoresho bishya byari bikomeye kandi bikomeye, bituma biba byiza kubikorwa byinshi.

Igikorwa cya Hadfield nticyari gifite ibibazo. Mu ntangiriro, yabonye ko ibyuma bya manganese byananiraga gukora imashini kandi ko bidashobora gufatanwa, bigatuma gukorana na byo bigorana. Ariko rero, izo nzitizi ntizamubujije. Ahubwo, bagaragaje imiterere yihariye ya alloy hamwe nubushobozi bwayo bwo guhindura inganda.

• Ibyuma bya Manganese gukomera hamwe no kwikomeretsa byayitandukanije nibindi bikoresho.
• Ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwa Hadfield byibanze kuri manganese nkibintu byingenzi bishinzwe kuranga ibintu bidasanzwe.

Ubushakashatsi bwambere hamwe niterambere rya Alloy

Ubuvumbuzi bwa Hadfield bwateje umurongo wo kugerageza kunonosora amavuta no kumva imyitwarire yayo. Abashakashatsi bibanze ku kuntu manganese yakoranye nibindi bintu nka karubone nicyuma. Ubu bushakashatsi bwambere bwashizeho urufatiro rwicyuma cya manganese tuzi uyumunsi.

Imyitozo yo hambere yo guhangana ninganda ya manganese-ibyuma guhera mumwaka wa 1887 no gukomeza kwari ugushyushya ingoti zishyushye cyane kuruta ubushyuhe bwana Potter avuga. Kera mbere yumwaka wa 1900 toni ibihumbi byinshi byibicuruzwa nkibi byahimbwe kandi bizunguruka byarakozwe kandi birakoreshwa. Mu mpapuro zashyikirijwe iki kigo n’umwanditsi mu 1893, cyiswe Iron Alloys, hifashishijwe cyane cyane ibyuma bya Manganese, ibisobanuro byuzuye hamwe n’amafoto byerekanwe ibyuma bya manganese byahimbwe mu murongo wa gari ya moshi hanyuma bikazunguruka mu mapine ya gari ya moshi.

Mugihe abashakashatsi babigerageje, bavumbuye amakuru ashimishije kubyerekeranye ninzibacyuho ya alloy hamwe na microstructure. Kurugero, ubushakashatsi bumwe bwasuzumye imiti ya manganese yo hagati yagenewe kwibagirwa. Ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi byagaragaje uburyo igipimo cyo gushyushya hamwe n’ibihe byashize byagize ingaruka ku bikoresho:

Ubu bushakashatsi bwafashije gutunganya ibigize ibyuma bya manganese, bituma birushaho kwizerwa no guhuza imikoreshereze yinganda.

Patent na Intangiriro Porogaramu

Igikorwa cya Hadfield cyasojwe no gutanga patenti yaicyuma cya manganesemuri 1883. Ibi byaranze intangiriro yurugendo rwayo mubikorwa bifatika. Ubushobozi bwa alloy bwo gukomera bitewe ningaruka byatumye bihindura umukino mubikorwa nkamabuye y'agaciro na gari ya moshi.

Bumwe mu buryo bwa mbere bwakoreshwaga mu byuma bya manganese byari mu nzira ya gari ya moshi. Kuramba kwayo no kwihanganira kwambara byatumye biba byiza gutwara imitwaro iremereye hamwe no guhora kwa gari ya moshi. Nyuma yigihe, abayikora batangiye kuyikoresha kubindiibikoresho-bikomeyen'imashini, kurushaho gushimangira umwanya wacyo mumateka yinganda.

Udushya twa Hadfield ntabwo twakoze ibintu bishya gusa; yafunguye umuryango wibihe bishya muri metallurgie. Ibyuma bya Manganese byabaye ikimenyetso cyiterambere, byerekana ko siyanse ninganda zishobora gufatanya gukemura ibibazo nyabyo byisi.

Iterambere muri tekinoroji ya Manganese

Inzira ya Bessemer ninshingano zayo

UwitekaBessemer inzirayagize uruhare runini mugutezimbere hakiri kare ibyuma bya manganese. Ubu buryo bushya bwo gukora ibyuma, bwatangijwe hagati yikinyejana cya 19, bwatumaga ababikora bakora ibyuma neza bakuraho umwanda nka karubone na silikoni. Igihe Sir Robert Hadfield yageragezaga manganese mu byuma, inzira ya Bessemer yabaye igikoresho cyingenzi cyo gutunganya amavuta.

Mugushyira manganese mubikorwa, abakora ibyuma barashobora gukora ibikoresho byongerewe imbaraga kandi biramba. Iyo nzira kandi yafashije kurandura sulfure na ogisijeni, akenshi bigabanya ibyuma gakondo. Iri terambere ryashyizeho urufatiro rwo gukwirakwiza cyane ibyuma bya manganese mu nganda.

Akazi Gukomera Ibintu Byasobanuwe

Kimwe mu bintu bishimishije biranga ibyuma bya manganese nubushobozi bwayo bwo gukomera bitewe n'ingaruka. Uyu mutungo, uzwi nkakazi gakomeye, ubaho mugihe ibintu bigenda bihinduka. Mugihe ubuso bugira ibibazo, bigenda bikomera kandi bikarwanya kwambara.

Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko iyi ngaruka iterwa nibintu nkubushyuhe na microstructure yibikoresho. Kurugero, ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ku byuma bya karubone nkeya, manganese nyinshi byagaragaje ko guhinduranya imashini no guhindura martensitike byongera imbaraga cyane no guhindagurika.

Uyu mutungo udasanzwe utuma ibyuma bya manganese bibera byiza cyane ibidukikije nko gucukura no kubaka.

Ibisobanuro mubihimbano

Mu myaka yashize, abashakashatsi bagizeyatunganije ibihimbanoy'ibyuma bya manganese kunoza imikorere. Kwiyongera kwibintu nka aluminium na silicon byatumye habaho iterambere ryinshi. Kurugero, kongera ibinini bya aluminiyumu byongera umusaruro no kwambara birwanya, nubwo bishobora kugabanya guhindagurika.

Ibi binonosoye byatumye ibyuma bya manganese bihinduka byinshi, byemeza ko bikomeza kuba urufatiro rwinganda zigezweho.

Inganda zikoreshwa munganda za Manganese

Ibikoresho byo gucukura no gucukura amabuye y'agaciro

Ibyuma bya Manganese bigira uruhare runini mubikorwa byo gucukura no gucukura amabuye y'agaciro. Kwambara kwinshi kwinshi hamwe nubushobozi bwo gukomera bitewe ningaruka bituma bijya mubikoresho byibikoresho byugarije ibihe bikabije burimunsi. Ibikoresho n'imashini muruganda akenshi bikoresha ibikoresho byangiza, imitwaro iremereye, hamwe no guterana amagambo. Ibyuma bya Manganese bizamuka kubibazo, byongerera igihe cyibikoresho no kugabanya amafaranga yo kubungabunga.

Hano hari bimwe mubisanzwe:

• Umusaya: Ibi bice bimenagura amabuye namabuye, bihanganira umuvuduko mwinshi ningaruka. Ibyuma bya Manganese byemeza ko bimara igihe kirekire.
• Mugaragaza: Byakoreshejwe mugutondekanya ibikoresho, izi ecran zungukirwa no gukomera kwicyuma cya manganese no kurwanya kwambara.
• Amabuye: Iyi miyoboro iyobora ibikoresho binyuze mumashini, aho ibyuma bya manganese birinda isuri guhora itemba.
• Indobo: Mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, indobo y'amasuka ikuramo imitwaro iremereye y'urutare n'imyanda. Ibyuma bya Manganese bituma bikomeza kandi byizewe.

Ukoresheje ibyuma bya manganese muribi bikorwa, inganda zitwara igihe n'amafaranga mugihe gikomeza gukora neza. Imiterere yihariye ituma iba ingenzi mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro na kariyeri.

Inzira ya Gariyamoshi n'imashini ziremereye

Umuhanda wa gari ya moshi wishingikiriza ibyuma bya manganese kubyo bikurikirana. Ibi bikoresho bikaze kandi birwanya kwambara bituma biba byiza gukemura amakimbirane ahoraho hamwe nuburemere bwa gari ya moshi. Kwiyongera kwisi no kuvugurura imiyoboro ya gari ya moshi byongereye icyifuzo cyayo.

Raporo zituruka ku isoko ryibyuma bya austenitis manganese zigaragaza imikoreshereze yaryo mu rwego rwa gari ya moshi. Abahinguzi barayikoresha kugirango batange inzira zirambye, zahinduwe, hamwe nambuka zishobora kwihanganira ingaruka zisubirwamo. Ubushobozi bwayo bwo kwihanganira ibi bintu bituma ibikorwa bigenda neza kandi bikagabanya gukenera gusimburwa kenshi.

Iterambere ry’inganda za gari ya moshi naryo ryazamuye icyifuzo cya manganese mu mashini ziremereye. Lokomotive hamwe n’imodoka zitwara ibintu bisaba ibice bishobora gukemura ibibazo byinshi ningaruka. Icyuma cya Manganese gitanga imikorere ntagereranywa, bigatuma ihitamo kuriyi porogaramu.

Ishoramari mu bikorwa remezo byo gutwara abantu rikomeje guteza imbere udushya mu ikoranabuhanga rya manganese. Mugihe gari ya moshi yaguka, ibi bikoresho bikomeza kuba urufatiro rwinganda, byemeza neza kandi byizewe.

Ubwubatsi nibikoresho Byinshi-Ingaruka

Imbuga zubaka ni ibidukikije bigoye, kandi ibikoresho byakoreshejwe ngaho bigomba no gukomera. Ibyuma bya Manganese birabagirana muri uyu murima, bitanga igihe kirekire kandi kirwanya ingaruka. Kuva mubikoresho byo gusenya kugeza amenyo yo gucukura, ibyakoreshejwe ni binini kandi bitandukanye.

Fata ibikoresho-bikomeye cyane, kurugero. Jackhammer bits no gukata impande zihura nibibazo mugihe cyo gukoresha. Icyuma cya Manganese cyemeza ko kiguma gikarishye kandi gikora, nubwo nyuma yo kumara igihe kinini kiboneka hejuru. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, imashini zubaka nka bulldozers hamwe nizitwara zungukirwa nubushobozi bwa manganese ibyuma byo kurwanya kwambara.

Usibye ibikoresho, ibyuma bya manganese bikoreshwa mubice byubaka. Ikiraro, umukandara, nibindi bintu bitwara imitwaro bishingiye ku mbaraga zayo kugirango bigumane ituze munsi yimitwaro iremereye. Ubwinshi bwayo butuma iba umutungo wubwubatsi, aho kuramba no kwizerwa bidashoboka.

Mugushyiramo ibyuma bya manganese mubwubatsi nibikoresho byingirakamaro cyane, inganda zirashobora gukemura imishinga isaba ikizere. Imiterere yihariye igira ibikoresho abubatsi naba injeniyeri bizeye.

Kugereranya ibyuma bya Manganese nibindi bikoresho

Ibyiza mu Kuramba no Kurwanya Ingaruka

Icyuma cya Manganese kigaragara kubera uburebure budasanzwe n'ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingaruka. Ibigize bidasanzwe, birimourwego rwo hejuru rwa manganesena karubone, ituma ikomera hejuru mugihe ikomeza ingirakamaro. Ihuriro rituma biba byiza cyane mubidukikije nko gucukura no kubaka.

Bitandukanye nibindi bikoresho byinshi, ibyuma bya manganese birashobora gukuramo imbaraga zikomeye mukibazo. Uyu mutungo, uzwi nkakazi gakomeye, wongera imbaraga zo kwambara mugihe. Kurugero, mubisabwa birimo gouging cyangwa guhangayikishwa cyane no gukuramo ibintu, ubuso bwibintu buba bukomeye hamwe no gukoresha. Ariko, imikorere yacyo irashobora gutandukana bitewe nuburyo ibintu bimeze. Munsi yimitwaro iringaniye cyangwa nkeya, ibyuma bya manganese ntibishobora gukomera neza, bishobora kugabanya igihe kirekire mubihe nkibi.

Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko ibyuma bya manganese, bizwi kandi ku izina rya Hadfield ibyuma, biruta ibindi bikoresho mu kurwanya imyenda mu bihe bikomeye. Ubushobozi bwayo bwo guhagarika icyiciro cya austenitike nabwo bugira uruhare mu gukomera kwacyo no gukoresha neza igiciro ugereranije na nikel ishingiye kuri nikel.

Inzitizi n'imbibi

Nubwo ifite imbaraga, ibyuma bya manganese bifite ibibazo bigaragara. Ikibazo kimwe cyingenzi nimbaraga zambere zo gutanga umusaruro, ubusanzwe ziri hagati ya 200 MPa na 300 MPa. Mugihe ibikoresho bishobora gukomera bitewe ningaruka, imbaraga zumusaruro muke zirashobora gutuma bidakorwa neza mubikorwa bifite imitwaro iringaniye cyangwa ihagaze.

Indi mbogamizi ikubiyemo guhindagurika kwayo. Kongera imbaraga zicyuma cya manganese binyuze mugutunganya kenshiigabanya guhinduka, gushiraho ubucuruzi hagati yubukomezi nubugome. Byongeye kandi, ibyiciro bimwe, nka hexagonal yegeranye-yuzuye (HCP), irashobora gukora mugihe cyo kuyitunganya. Ibi byiciro byongera ibyago byo kuvunika, bikarushaho kugorana imikoreshereze yinganda zimwe.

Kurushanwa Ibikoresho no guhanga udushya

Iterambere ryibikoresho nubuhanga bishya byatangije amarushanwa yicyuma cya manganese. Iterambere mubushakashatsi bwibyuma byatumye hajyaho ibibyimba bikora cyane hamwe nibihimbano bivuguruza ubwiganze bwayo.

• Udushya mu byuma bivangwa n'ibyuma, nk'icyuma giciriritse cya manganese, gitanga uburyo bwiza bwo gukanika no kuzigama amafaranga mu kugabanya ibintu bivanga.
• Tekinoroji yinganda ziyongera zifasha gukora ibikoresho byabigenewe hamwe nibintu byiza byashyizwe mubikorwa byihariye.
• Inganda nk’imodoka n’ikirere zitera gukenera ibikoresho byoroheje, bifite imbaraga nyinshi, akenshi bisaba ibizamini bya metallurgjiya bigezweho kugirango umutekano ube wubahirizwa.

Mu gihe ibyuma bya manganese bikomeje kuba urufatiro mu nganda ziremereye, udushya twerekana ko hakenewe ubushakashatsi buhoraho kugira ngo bugumane akamaro k’isoko rihiganwa.

Icyuma cya Manganese Uyu munsi n'ibizaza

Gukoresha Inganda Zigezweho

Ibyuma bya Manganese bikomeje gukinauruhare rukomeye mu nganda zigezweho. Kuramba kwayo no kurwanya ingaruka bituma iba ingenzi mubice byubwubatsi, ubwikorezi, ninganda. Mubyukuri, gukora ibyuma bingana na 85% kugeza 90% bya manganese ikenera, byerekana akamaro kayo mukubyara ingufu nyinshi.

Kurenga imikoreshereze gakondo, ibinyamavuta bya manganese bigenda byiyongera mubikorwa byimodoka. Ibikoresho byoroheje bikozwe nicyuma cya manganese bifasha kuzamura imikorere ya peteroli no gukora neza. Iri hinduka rihuza no gukenera gukenera ingufu zo kuzigama ingufu mu bwikorezi.

Ibyuma bya Manganese bihindagurika bituma bikomeza kuba ingirakamaro mu nganda zishyira imbere imbaraga, kuramba, no guhanga udushya.

Kuramba no Gusubiramo Imbaraga

Kuramba bimaze kuba intego nyamukuru mu nganda zibyuma, kandi ibyuma bya manganese nabyo ntibisanzwe. Gusubiramo bigira uruhare runini mu kugabanya imyanda no kubungabunga umutungo. Ibipimo nkibipimo byanyuma byubuzima (EoL - RR) hamwe nigipimo cyo gutunganya ibicuruzwa (RPER) byerekana uburyo ibikoresho byakuweho bikoreshwa neza.

Imbaraga zo gutunganya ibyuma bya manganese ntibigabanya ingaruka z’ibidukikije gusa ahubwo binongera ubushobozi bwo kwihaza mu gutanga ibikoresho. Izi ngamba zijyanye n'intego z'isi zigamije iterambere rirambye, zemeza ko inganda zishobora kuzuza ibisabwa ejo hazaza.

Ikoranabuhanga Ryaduka na Porogaramu

Ejo hazaza h'icyuma cya manganese gisa nkicyizere, bitewe niterambere mu ikoranabuhanga no guteza imbere ibikenerwa mu nganda. Muri Koreya yepfo, isoko ryibyuma bya manganese riragenda ryiyongera kubera gukoreshwa mubikorwa byimodoka nubwubatsi. Ubwiyongere bw'imodoka z'amashanyarazi bwarushijeho kwiyongera ku bikoresho bishya, bituma habaho uburyo bushya bwo gukoresha ibyuma bya manganese.

• Icyuma cya Manganese gishyigikira ikoranabuhanga rirambye nka electrolytike ya manganese itunganya amazi.
• Ifite uruhare runini muri sisitemu yo kubika ingufu no gukoresha biomedical medicine.
• Kwishyira hamwe no kugura mubyuma bitera udushya no kuzamuka kw isoko.

Mugihe inganda zishakisha uburyo bushya,ibyuma bya manganese bikomeza kuba ibuye rikomeza imfurukay'iterambere. Imiterere yimikorere myinshi yemeza ko izakomeza kumenyera inzira nikoranabuhanga rigenda rigaragara.

Ibyuma bya Manganese byasize ikimenyetso simusiga kuri metallurgie n'inganda kuva byavumburwa mu kinyejana cya 19. Sir Robert Hadfield umurimo w'ubupayiniya watangije ibikoresho bishobora gukomera bitewe n'ingaruka, guhindura imikorere mubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, gari ya moshi, n'ubwubatsi. Igihe kirenze, iterambere nko kuvura ubushyuhe no gutunganya ibinure byazamuye imiterere yubukanishi, bituma bikomeza kuba ingirakamaro mubidukikije.

Icyuma giciriritse-manganese, hamwe nibigize kuva kuri 3% kugeza 10% manganese, byerekana microstructures idasanzwe n'imbaraga zidasanzwe. Uburyo bwo kubyaza umusaruro nka Deforming and Partitioning (D&P) bwasunitse imbaraga zumusaruro kurwego rushimishije, bituma biba byiza kubikomeretsa porogaramu.

Urebye imbere, inganda zihura nibibazo nkibidukikije ndetse nigiciro kinini cyo gukora. Ariko, amahirwe ni menshi. Ubwiyongere bukenewe ku mavuta ashingiye kuri manganese mu gukora ibyuma hamwe n’ibisubizo by’ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu byerekana akamaro kayo.

Ubushobozi bw'icyuma cya Manganese bwo guhuza n'ikoranabuhanga rigenda ritanga umwanya wacyo mu gihe kizaza cy'inganda. Kuva muri sisitemu yo kubika ingufu kugeza metallurgie yateye imbere, imikorere yayo ikomeje gutwara udushya no kuramba.

Ibibazo

Niki gituma ibyuma bya manganese bidasanzwe?

Ibyuma bya Manganese birihariyekuberako bikomereye ingaruka. Uyu mutungo, witwa akazi gakomeye, bituma ukomera cyane uko ukoreshwa. Nibyiza kubikoresho byingirakamaro cyane hamwe nimashini zihura no guhora.

Ibyuma bya manganese birashobora gutunganywa?

Yego! Gutunganya ibyuma bya manganese bifasha kugabanya imyanda no kubungabunga umutungo. Inganda zongera gukoresha ibikoresho bishaje kugirango zikore ibicuruzwa bishya, bituma ihitamo ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije mu nganda zirambye.

Ibyuma bya manganese bikoreshwa he?

Uzasangamo ibyuma bya manganese mubikoresho byubucukuzi, inzira za gari ya moshi, nibikoresho byubwubatsi. Kuramba kwayo no kurwanya ingaruka bituma biba byiza mubidukikije aho ibikoresho bihura nihungabana rikomeye.

Icyuma cya manganese kiruta ibindi bikoresho?

Mubihe byingaruka zikomeye, ibyuma bya manganese biruta ibikoresho byinshi. Birakomeye kandi bimara igihe kirekire. Ariko, ntabwo aribyiza kubikorwa bihamye cyangwa porogaramu zoroheje, aho andi mavuta ashobora gukora neza.

Nigute ibyuma bya manganese bifasha inganda kuzigama amafaranga?

Kurwanya kwambarabigabanya gukenera gusimburwa kenshi. Inganda zikoresha ibyuma bya manganese zikoresha amafaranga make mukubungabunga no kumanuka, kuzamura imikorere no kugabanya ibiciro.